N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

This extensive Glossary of terms and phrases pertaining to the paper and printing industry were provided by Neenah Paper suppliers of the CLASSIC, ENVIRONMENT and UV-ULTRA lines of paper

A

abrasion resistance - The level at which paper can withstand continuous scuffing or rubbing.

absorption - The properties within paper that cause it to absorb liquids (inks, water, etc.) which come in contact with it.

accordion fold - A binding term describing a method of folding paper. When unfolded it looks like the folds of an accordion.

acetate proof - A transparent, acetate printing proof used to reproduce anticipated print colors on a transparent acetate sheet. Also called color overleaf proof.

acid-free paper - Paper that has no acidity and is also slightly alkaline, allowing it to last longer in an acidic environment.

acidity - Degree of acid found in a given paper substance measured by pH level. From 0 to 7 is classified acid as opposed to 7 to 14, which is classified alkaline.

against the grain - A right angle to which the fiber direction of a piece of paper lies. Folding with, not against, the grain is recommended.

air-dried paper - Paper that is dried by circulating hot air around it with little or no tension or restraint on the paper. This gives the paper a hard cockle finish typical of bond papers.

alcohol/alcohol substitutes - Liquids added to the fountain solution of a printing press to reduce the surface tension of water.

aluminum plate - A metal press plate used for moderate to long runs in offset lithography to carry the image.

announcement cards - cards of paper with matching envelopes generally used for social stationery, announcements, weddings, greetings, etc.

antique finish - A paper finish, usually used in book and cover papers, that has a tactile surface. Usually used in natural white or cream-white colors.

apron - Extra space at the binding edge of a fold-out, usually on a French fold, which allows folding and tipping without interfering with the copy

archival paper - Acid-free, resists disintegration. Used for documents that must last.

artificial parchment - Paper produced with poorly formed formation.

artwork - A general term used to describe materials prepared and readied for print.

ascenders - The tops of lower case letters such as: b, d, h and t.

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back cylinder pressure - Additional pressure applied through the impression cylinder assisting the image transfer to the press sheet.

backbone - The back of a bound book; also called the spine.

backing up - Printing the reverse side of a sheet already printed on one side.

bagasse - Crushed sugar cane or fiber used in two Environment®Papers: Tortilla and Mesa White.

baggy roll - Mill roll defect usually associated with a variation in caliper and/or basis weight across the web; stretched paper results, which tends to cause problems in the forms manufacturing process. Rolls are normally checked for baggy areas by striking with a baton and listening for variations in audible pitch.

band - (1) A strip of paper, printed or unprinted, that wraps around loose sheets (in lieu of binding with a cover) or assembled pieces. (2) The operation of putting a paper band around loose sheets or assembled pieces. (3) Metal straps wrapped around skids of cartons or materials wrapped in waterproof paper, to secure the contents to the skid for shipment.

barium sulfate - Substance used as a standard for white, in lieu of the availability of a practical 100 percent reflecting diffuser.

baronial envelope - A square envelope generally used with announcements.

base color - A first color used as a background on which other colors are printed.

base stock - Manufactured paper that will be further processed as laminated, Duplex Cover, Bristol Cover, or off machine embossed papers.

baseline - In typesetting, the invisible line on which letters and numbers set.

basic size - The standard sheet size of a given grade.

basis weight - The weight in pounds per ream of paper cut to its basic size in inches. A metric system is used outside of North America.

beater - Blender-type machine used to pulverize pulp and for mixing additives and color to the stock.

beater sized - Process of adding sizing material to the pulp in the beater.

bindery - A process of perforating, folding, trimming and eventually binding a printed piece.

binding - (1) Attaching sheets into a single unit by adhesives, sewing, stitching, metal prongs, snaps, etc. The operations that comprise collating, perforating, and folding the elements of a form into the finished. (2) That portion or edge of a book of forms which is bound.

binding edge - The edge where the binding will be done.

black printer - In four-color process printing, the black plate made to give definition to neutral tones and detail.

blanket - In offset lithography, the rubber-coated fabric clamped around the blanket cylinder, which transfers the image from plate to paper.

blanket contamination - Unwanted matter that becomes attached to the offset blanket and interferes with print quality.

blanket creep - Movement of the blanket surface that comes in contact with the printing plate or paper.

blanket cylinder - The printing press cylinder on which the blanket is mounted.

blanket pull - The tack between blanket and paper.

bleach - Chemical, usually chlorine, used to whiten pulp.

bleaching - Chemical treatment to brighten, whiten, purify, refine, and balance pulp fiber.

bleed - (1) In printing, printed image that runs off the edges of a page. (2) The migration of ink into unwanted areas.

blind embossing - A printing technique in which a bas-relief design is pushed forward without foil or ink.

blocking - The shearshim of piled printed sheets caused by wet ink.

blocking out - Eliminating portions of negatives by opaquing the image.

blowup - Enlargement from the original size.

blueprint - In printing, a type of photo-print used as a proof. It can be folded to show how the finished printed product will look.

boldface - Thicker, visually heavier type vs. thin visually light type. Darker type.

bond paper - Strong, durable writing paper, consisting of wood, cotton, or both, most commonly used for letterheads, stationery, business forms, etc… NEENAH®Bond; ATLAS™Bond.

bonding strength - The strength of the paper fibers to resistance of picking or tearing during offset printing.

book paper - A general term used to define papers that are most suitable for book manufacture.

booklet - A printed piece bound together, containing a few pages.

brightness - The reflections of paper when measured under a specially calibrated wave of blue light.

bristol board - A high quality heavy weight paper, sometimes made with cotton fiber prepared or glued together, usually with a caliper thickness of 0.006" and up.

broke - Machine trim or undesirable paper that is returned to the beaters.

broken carton - An open carton of paper with some of its contents removed.

bulk - Sheet thickness. High-bulk sheets have fewer sheets per inch than low-bulk.

bulking dummy - Unprinted sheets of actual paper folded in the signature size and signature number of a given job, to determine bulk.

bursting strength - The point to which paper can withstand pressure without rupturing.

butted joint - Joining two webs of paper, placing them end-to-end and pasting a strip over and under to make a continuous sheet without overlapping.

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caking - In printing, the collecting of ink pigments on plates or rollers, caused primarily by the inability of the vehicle to hold the pigment in suspension.

calender cuts - Weak lines or fractures in paper that break easily under tension, caused by wrinkles going through the calender unit of the paper machine.

calcium carbonate, CaSo4 - Chemical used as a filler.

calcium sulphite, CaSo3 - Chemical used as a filler.

calender - An assembly of rolls, which impart a final finish on paper. Paper is passed through the vertical stack of calender rolls and is progressively smoothed and compacted as it passes through the stack. Process imparts gloss to the paper surface.

calender rolls - A set or stack of horizontal cast-iron rolls at the end of the paper machine. The paper is passed between the rolls to increase the smoothness and gloss of the surface.

calender spots - Paper defect usually indicated as a transparentized spot in the sheet; caused by foreign material adhering to a calender roll and being impressed into the sheet with each revolution.

calender stacks - Two or more hydraulically loaded steel or cast-iron rolls on a paper machine, used to give the paper a smooth finish.

calender vellum finish - Extra smooth vellum on the surface of the paper, which is provided by the calender rolls.

calendering - Process of passing the web of paper between polished metal rolls to increase gloss and smoothness.

caliper - The thickness of a sheet measured under specified conditions. It is usually expressed in thousandths of an inch (points or mils).

camera-ready art - Material to be printed which is ready to be photographed without further alteration.

casebound – Also hardbound; a book with a stiff cover.

casing-in - The operation of applying paste or glue to the endsheets of a book, inserting the sewn and trimmed text into the case (cover), and building into presses between boards, to dry.

catching up - A press condition that occurs when there is too much ink in the ink-water balance, characterized by the non-image area of the plate taking on ink and printing as scum.

cellulose fiber - The fibrous material remaining after the non-fibrous components have been removed by pulping and bleaching operations used in making paper.

center spread - The facing pages in the center of a signature, also called natural spread.

center truck - The centerpage spread in a magazine or newspaper.

chain marks - Also called chain lines. Watermarks in paper that resembles impressions of a chain, running parallel to the grain, approximately one inch apart. These watermark lines are found in laid papers.

chalking - Improper drying of ink. Ink vehicle has been absorbed too rapidly into the paper.

character - A number, letter, blank or symbol in typesetting.

character count - Amount of characters in a page or group of text.

check copy - (1) A folded and gathered, but unbound, copy of a book sent to a customer for approval before binding. (2) The gathered, trimmed copy that is inspected and approved prior to and binding operations; used as a guide in the bindery for assembling in the proper sequence, including inserts, furnished items, etc.

chemical ghosting - (Fuming ghosting, gloss ghosting) usually the result of the vapor transfer of an image usually faint, from the freshly printed sheet to the back of another sheet, caused by chemical interaction of the inks during the drying stages.

chemical pulp - Wood that has been cooked with various chemicals to produce a pulp used to manufacture many grades of printing papers and some paperboard grades such as solid bleached board. Pulp that is mechanically prepared without chemicals is referred to as groundwood. Paper made from chemical pulp is considered a free-sheet.

chemical pump - Pump that has been extracted from wood by chemical means as opposed to mechanical techniques.

chip board - A single-ply cardboard, usually gray or brown in color, frequently used as the stiffening backboard in padding. It is made from mixed repulped paper stock, and it is more likely to absorb moisture or to warp.

choke - In negative preparation, the photographic means used to close in and reduce the thickness of the printing detail.

chrome - see color transparency

cibachrome - A proprietary term for a full-color positive photographic print made from a transparency.

clamp marks - Marks in sheets of paper caused by the device that holds paper in position during cutting.

close formation - Uniform density in a sheet of paper.

close register - Used to describe low trap allowance, requiring more press printing position accuracy. Also known as tight register.

cloudy formation - Same as cloud effect; cloudy. Opposite of close formation. Indicates unevenness and lack of uniformity of fiber structure.

cockle or cockling – A surface that is "puckered" or with a rippling effect, intentionally obtained by air drying under minimum tension; simulates hand made, air dried, paper; as a cockle finish, is a desirable effect. As an unwanted, localized surface roughness or puckering, cockle is considered a defect.

collate - The collecting and gathering of flat sheets or signatures in the proper sequence for binding.

color bars - On four-color process proofs, samples of the colors used to print the image, showing the amount of ink used, the trapping, and the relative densities across the press sheet.

color comp print - Low quality paper print made from a transparency and used for layouts and presentations.

color Control Bar - The GATF Color Control Bar. A composite series of offset color control bars that may be used by platemakers and printers to standardize proofing of colors.

color correction - Any method, such as masking, dot-etching, and scanning, used to improve color rendition.

color fastness - Capacity of dyed paper to retain its original color or to resist fading and change through the influence of heat, light, use, etc.

color filter - In four-color process printing, the filters placed over the lens of the printer's camera that separate the colors in the original copy into yellow, red, blue, and black.

color guide - Instructions on a mechanical pertaining to the position, percentage, and type of color required.

color key - (3M Company Trademark)-An unlaminated overlay proof with each color on an individual piece of acetate.

color process work - A reproduction of color made by means of photographic separations. The printing is done using cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks, each requiring its own negative. Also called process color or four-color process.

color proofs - The first fullcolor printed pieces pulled off the press for approval before the job is considered ready to roll for the entire press run. Progressive proofs are the preferred method for checking color accurately.

color scanner (electronic scanner) - Equipment used to make color separations by photoelectrically reading the relative densities of the copy.

color separation - The process of separating full-color originals into the primary printing colors.

color separation negative (printer) - A black-and-white negative.

color swatch - A small spot of color used to furnish a sample of the actual ink color to be produced.

color transparency - A fullcolor positive image, rendered in natural colors on a transparent support. Also called a chrome.

color-matching system - Method of specifying color by means of numbered color samples in swatchbooks. See PMS.

comber - A device on a press or folder used to fan out (comb) blank stock or printed sheets so they will feed through the equipment one sheet at a time.

combination plate (combo) - A printing plate etched for both halftone and line depth.

combination run (gang run) - Production of two or more print jobs handled together to effect savings.

commercial match - Manufacturing a paper to meet specifications of and match a sample of paper provided to the manufacturer.

commercial register - Color printing in which the register may be off by ±one row of dots.

commodity papers - Term used to classify low-end qualities of bond and offset papers.

composite - Several pictures, line or tone, placed together to form a single, combined picture.

composition - The assembling of characters into words, lines, and paragraphs of text or body matter type for reproduction by printing.

comprehensive - Final proof pasted-up in the format the printed piece will take.

compressibility (cushion) – The paper’s capacity to be squeezed and returned to its prior state.

condensed face or condensed type - A particular typeface that allows more print per line, as though the letters were squashed at their sides.

conditioning - Allowing paper to sit long enough for it to adjust to the surrounding atmosphere until its moisture content is equal to atmospheric moisture content. This process provides for optimum performance on press.

confirmation proof - A proof confirming to the customer that the page, as shown by the proof, is the way the page will print. No approval is required or expected.

coniferous – Cone bearing trees, also classified as softwood, used in most pulping processes for the manufacturing of paper.

connected dot - Halftone dots of 50 percent value or more joined together in negative or plate.

constant waste – Term applies to paper in rolls. Wrapper 0.89%, Core 0.61%, damage, 1.47%, Paper 0.13%, Total constant waste 3.10%.

contact print - A print made by placing the negative in direct contact with the emulsion to generate a photographic print on paper.

contact screen - A photographically made halftone screen on film, having a dot structure of graded density and, used in vacuum contact with the photographic film.

continuous tone - Tonal gradation without use of halftone dots.

contrast - Degree of difference between highlights and dark portions of a photograph or of prepared art that embodies a range of tones. Example, black to light gray.

converter - Company that converts paper from its original form to usable products such as envelopes, boxed writing papers, bags, adding machine rolls, coated papers, gummed tapes, etc.

converting - Processing of paper so as to change its purely physical form (rather than to lay ink on a sheet, as in printing); forms manufacturers are often considered converters in the paper trade.

copy - The pasteup, photograph, art, or other material that is furnished, to be used in the production of the printed job.

copy dot - To photograph dot for dot; to match exactly previously screened originals.

copy preparation - (1) In photomechanical processes, writing directions as to size and other details for illustrations, and the arrangement into proper position of various parts of the page to be photographed for reproduction. (2) In typesetting, checking manuscript copy to insure a minimum of changes after type is set also called copy-editing.

core - Shaft in center of a roll around which the web of paper is unwound. Cores are either metal or cardboard: either returnable or disposable.

correspondence cards - Cards usually made of wedding or index bristol.

correspondence papers - Writing papers with attractive finishes. Good finish and good writing characteristics are principal qualities.

cotton fiber content paper - Papers made from cotton fiber in qualities of 25, 50, 75, or 100%, are made on smaller, slower running machines than sulfite/sulfate papers. Slower speed helps produce a dense, well-knitted formation. Cotton fiber papers are surface-sized by immersing the partially-dried web of paper in a bath of starch or animal glue sizing, followed by the removal of the excess sizing through a set of rollers. The sized web of paper is then rewound into a roll and stored in a dampened condition to permit thorough penetration of the sizing materials prior to final drying which occurs off the papermaking machine in a process called air-drying. The web, in its dampened state is floated through a heated tunnel under only a slight degree of tension. Because the web dries freely in heated air, paper acquires a degree of cockle in its finish. NEENAH®Bond; ATLAS™ Bond; Old Council Tree®Bond.

cotton fibers - Selected new cotton cuttings acquired from the textile industries. They are free of synthetic fibers and are the principal source of cotton fibers used in the manufacture of cotton content papers. Basic cotton and cotton linters are also used in the manufacture of pulp.

cotton linters - used in the manufacture of cotton fiber content papers and as a raw material from which cellulose is derived.

couch roll - The equipment on a paper making machine that removes water from the paper as it is being manufactured.

count - The quantity of sheets, signatures, or finished books available for an order.

counter stacker - A device that counts and stacks bound books as they are delivered from the perfect binder.

cover papers - Strong, heavy paper suitable for covers of brochures, catalogs, etc. Available in various colors.

c-print - Intermediate negative full-color positive print from a negative transparency.

crash finish - A paper finish that simulates coarse linen.

creep - Forward movement of the blanket surface or plate packing during the operation of an offset press. Generally due to improper pressure or to stretch of the blanket.

cromalin proofs - These proofs are not printed on a press. They are created chemically. It is a facsimile of a full color halftone made using the dyes on a very glossy paper.

crop marks - Guidelines on mechanicals that show the area that is being printed

cropping - Trimming original photographs to smaller size.

cross fold - See chopper fold.

cross-machine direction - A perpendicular to the direction of web travel through the paper machine.

crowd - To ink the plate heavily in order to print darker; applying too heavy an ink film to the plate.

curl - Waviness, roll or curvatures sometimes at the edge of the sheet, which can occur in the paper mill, in the printer’s storeroom, on the printer’s press, or in the bindery. Curl is usually associated with the humidity i.e., improper balance of moisture within the sheet, uneven drying coming off press. Curl can also be the result of fiber orientation within the sheet, internal stresses, improper refining of pulp, or mechanical stresses during manufacture or printing. Three types of curl can plague offset printers: 1) moisture curl, traceable to a change in humidity occurring always with the grain; 2) initial moisture curl, occurring the moment one side of the sheet of moisture of paper is moistened; and 3) delayed curl, occurring after moisture applied to one side of a sheet has evaporated or diffused through the body of the paper.

cut - (1) In letterpress printing, any engraving, either line or halftone. (2) In binding, any illustration printed separately from the text and requiring separate handling in binding. The word is derived from "woodcut".

cut score - In die cutting, a sharp-edged knife usually several thousandths of an inch lower than cutting rules in a die, made to cut part way into board for folding purposes.

cut size - Refers to business and writing papers that have been rotary trimmed or guillotine cut to dimensions of 8 ½ x 11 and 8 ½ x 14. Usually these are wrapped in paper packages containing one ream, 500 sheets. The term is also correctly applied to any of these papers provided their dimensions do not exceed 16 x 21, however most common usage is in reference to 8 ½ x 11 and 8 ½ x 14.

cut to register - Term used for watermark papers to indicate that the paper has been cut in a manner that allows the watermark to appear in a predetermined position on the finished sheet.

cut-off – In any web printing the cut length of paper prior to the delivery. The maximum cut-off length is the circumference of the plate cylinder.

cutter - Machine that cuts rolls of paper into sheets preparatory to further trimming to finished basic size. Also called a cross cutter or square cutter.

cutter dust - Refers to small particles of fiber and paper dust that result from the cutting operation. This dust adheres to edges of paper and could work itself into the pile of paper and onto the paper surface to cause later troubles during printing.

cyan (process blue) - One of the four-process colors.

cylinder - A term applied indiscriminately to various kinds of rolls, or rollers or drums of any shape, and or solid metal or other material, hollow, or of wire, cloth, etc.

cylinder press - Flatbed letterpress across which the paper moves on a cylinder, receiving the print impression as it advances.

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d.t. cover-"Double-thick" describes a sheet of paper made by bonding two thicknesses of paper together resulting in an extra-stiff sheet.

damp streaks - Streaks caused by uneven pressing of drying during paper manufacturing.

dampeners - In lithography, cloth covered, parchment paper or rubber rollers that distribute the dampening to the press plate.

dampening solution - Water, gum buffered acid, and various types of etches used to keep the non - image areas of the plate moist, and preventing them form accepting ink, in the lithographic printing process; also called fountain solution.

dandy roll - (1) A plain roll situated above the wet web of the paper to provide a smoothing action to the top surface of the paper as it passes under the roll. (2) A watermarking dandy roll is a roll of skeletal structure, sheathed in a wire cloth that has designs, letters or figures affixed to it. As the wet paper web passes under the turning watermark dandy the designs are impressed into the paper and a permanent watermark is left in the sheet.

day-glo - Trade name for inks an papers containing fluorescent pigments.

debossing - The process in which the image is recessed into the paper.

deckle - On the wet end of the paper machine the straps or deckle rulers that prevent the fiber from overflowing the sides of the machine. The deckle determines how wide the paper on a particular machine will be.

deckle edge - Refers to the feathered edge on paper produced when fibers flow against the deckle or edge of the web. Deliberately produced for aesthetic purposes, a deckle edge is found especially on formal stationery and announcements. A deckle edge can be created by an air jet, or also by a stream of water.

decurler - A device on a web press or sheeter used to remove paper curl.

decurling - A paper decurling station on a sheeter or web press, used to remove paper curl.

de-inking - The chemical or mechanical removal of ink from printed wastepapers so that the stock may be reused or recycled.

delamination - A separation of the paper's surface.

delivery - Area of the originating press where the freshly printed sheets are piled as they leave the impression section.

densitometer - Reflection instrument measuring the density of colored ink to determine its consistency throughout a press run.

density - Identifies the weight of paper compared to the volume; it is directly related to the paper's absorbency, stiffness, and opacity.

descender - The parts of lower case letters that extend below the baseline.

die - A design, letters, or pattern cut in metal for stamping, embossing or for diecutting.

die-cutting - Male and female dies are used to cut out paper or board in desired shapes.

digester - Pressure vessel in which wood chips are cooked to separate fibers from each other and to remove detrimental particles.

dimensional stability - Characteristic of paper to retain its dimensions in all directions under the stress of production and adverse changes in humidity.

dirt - Dirt in paper consists of any imbedded foreign matter or specks, which contrast in color to the remainder of the sheet.

dished - Concave rather than flat pile of paper. Also refers to roll ends of paper that are not flat.

distributor - Company which purchases paper from mill for resale to printers and end-users. Usually a distributor has protected or franchised product lines and territories. Inventory, warehousing, distribution and transportation of product are among the many services offered to paper buyers. Also called merchant.

dividers - Tabbed sheets of index or other heavy stock, used to identify and separate specific sections of a book; used in loose-leaf and bound books.

dot - Individual element of a halftone printing plate.

dot etching - Handwork on engravings and lithographic screened (halftone) negatives for correcting tonal values in either black-and-white or color work.

dot slurring - Smearing or elongation at the trailing edges of halftone dots.

dot spread - When halftone dots print larger than they were supposed to print.

dots, halftone - The individual subdivisions of a printed surface created with a halftone screen.

double burning - Combining the images on two or more films onto a single film to create a single image.

double varnish - Two applications of press varnish.

double-black halftone printing - A means of extending the range of density available with printing ink by printing twice with black ink, using two specially prepared halftone negatives. Also called double-black duotone.

double-deckle paper - A paper having parallel deckle edges.

double-dot halftone - Two halftone negatives combined onto one printing plate, having greater tonal range than a conventional halftone negatives. One negative reproduces highlight and shadows, the other middle tones. This is not to be confused with duotone or double-black printing.

double-thick cover stock - A cover stock composed of two sheets of 65 lb. Cover stock laminated together.

doubling - (1) In printing, a press problem that generally occurs when sheets make contact with the blanket twice, once just before the impression point and the second time at the impression point, resulting in a double image. At times, with certain papers, the feeder will feed two sheets instead of one, and when pressures are extreme or out of balance, the blanket may slip at the pressure point, resulting in a slur or double image. (2) In stamping, a double impression in which the second impression or "hit" does not register perfectly over the first one.

doughnut hickey - A printing defect consisting of a solid printed area surrounded by an unprinted area.

downtime - Duration of an unscheduled stoppage of machines or equipment (printing presses, papermaking machines, typesetting equipment, etc.), usually caused by malfunction.

drag - Register trouble when the dot is enlarged toward the back (nongripper edge) of the sheet. See Slur.

draw-down - A term used to describe an ink chemist's method of roughly determining coating or ink. The application (by a blade or a bar) of a thin film of coating or ink to a piece of paper.

drier - Any substance used to hasten drying of ink on paper.

driers - Wet paper passes through these large cylindrical steam heated rolls that dry paper webs. The dry-end of the paper machine.

drilling - Piercing of stacks of papers in a precision manner with round hollow drills at high speeds. Loose-leaf notebook paper is an example of drilled paper.

drop-out - In printing, halftone with no screen dots in the highlights or background. Also, color not sensed by optical reading devices. Also, ink colors which will not image a photographic plate.

dry back - The color change which occurs when ink dries.

dry-end - On the paper machine, it is the section where the dryers, cutters, slitters and reels are located.

dryer (drying oven) - Oven on web offset press through which the web of printed paper passes after it leaves the final printing unit. The drying process, standard when heat-set inks are used, heats the web to about 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Either gas or electricity dries the vehicles and air blasts drive off the volatile gases.

drying time - The time it takes for an ink to become rub- or tack-free.

dummy - Page or set of pages assembled in the exact position, form and style desired for the finished piece of printed work. Used as a model or sample for the printer.

duotone - Two-color halftone reproduction from black-and-white original.

duplex - Paper having a different color on each side.

dusting - The accumulation of loose particles from the paper on the nomimage areas of the blanket. Particles are of very small size.

dye - An ink colorant that is soluble in vehicle or solvent.

dye transfer - Similar in appearance to a color photograph but different in the important respect that it is produced from a transparency by printing continuous tones of color dyes.

dylux - A stable print specially sensitized on two-sided papers for proofing.

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E.C.H. Will Sheeter - Continuous automatic cut-size sheeter, ream wrapper, ream labeler, ream accular, case packer, lidder, bander and palletizer.

electronic color scanner - High speed computer, which instantly calculates the necessary color correction by measuring the original copy.

electronic printing - In digital printing, any technology that reproduces pages without the use of traditional ink, water or chemistry.

electrostatic copying - Process using an intermediary plate or drum (like Xerography) or coated take-off sheet (like Electrofax™) which is electrically charged to attract powder or liquid developer only to the image area.

elliptical dot - In halftone photography, elongated dots, which give improved gradation of tones particularly in middle tomes and vignettes - also called chain dots.

em - In composition, a unit of measurement exactly as wide and high as the point sizes being set. So named because the letter "M" in early fonts was usually cast on a square body.

embossed finish - A finish imparted to a web of paper through an embossing machine. The paper will take on a raised or depressed surface resembling wood, cloth, leather, or other pattern.

embossing - Impressing an image in relief to achieve a raised surface; either over printing or on a blank paper (called blind embossing).

en - In composition, one-half the width of an em.

encapsulated PostScript (EPS) - In digital prepress, a file format used to transfer graphic images within compatible applications. A file containing structured PostScript code, comments and a screen display image.

end-leaf paper - Strong, fine quality papers, either plain or coated and sometimes colored or marbled used at both ends of a book. Also called sheets.

engraving - Printing by the intaglio process. Ink is applied to the paper under extreme pressure resulting in a printed surface being raised. Used for fine letterheads, wedding invitations, etc.

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fadeout halftone - A general reduction in the overall contrast of a halftone, to allow type to be easily readable when printed over it.

fake duotone - A two-color reproduction, using single halftone negative, usually blank, and a halftone screen tint for the background, usually in color.

fanfold - Continuous multiple ply form manufactured from a single wide web which is folded longitudinally.

fanout - In printing, distortion of paper on the press due to waviness in the paper caused by absorption of moisture at the edges of the paper, particularly across the grain.

fast-drying ink - An ink that dries soon after printing.

feathering - Tendency of an ink image to spread with a fuzzy, "feather like" edge.

feed rollers - On a printing press, the rubber wheels that move the sheets of paper from the feed pile to the grippers.

feeder - The section of a printing press that separates the sheets and feeds them into position for printing.

feel - Term expressing an individual’s impression of a paper’s finish and stiffness or suppleness.

feet-per-minute - Abbreviated FPM, this term refers usually to the speed of a papermaking machine in terms of how many feet per minute the forming web of paper traverses the length of the machine.

felt finish - A finish applied to the paper at the wet end of the paper machine by using felts of a distinctive weave rather than standard or regular wove felts. ENVIRONMENT®Papers.

felt side - Top side of the paper, opposite from the wire side or underneath. The "right side of the paper".

felt - Woven, endless belt made of wool, cotton or synthetic materials used to transport the paper web on the paper machine, during manufacture. Felts act as a conveyor while at the same time removing water from paper as it progresses through the paper machine.

fiber orientation - Refers to the alignment of the fibers in the sheet. The degree of alignment can be controlled in the paper making process.

fiber - Smallest unit of vegetable growth which is used to make paper pulps. Most commonly, fiber derives its name from the location where it grows, i.e., leaf fiber, stem fiber.

fibrillae - String-like elements that are loosened from the paper fibers during the beating process. They aid in the bonding processes when paper is being manufactured.

fibrillation - Act of loosening the fibrillae during the mechanical process of beating the fibers in preparation for papermaking.

filler - Minerals, such as clay and other white pigments, added to pulp to improve the opacity, smoothness, brightness, and printing capabilities of paper.

filling in - A condition in offset lithography where ink fills the area between the halftone dots or plugs up the type; also known as plugging or filling up.

fill - Maximum width of paper that can be made on any given paper machine.

film mechanical - A mechanical on which type and design elements in the form of film positives are stripped into position on a sheet of base film.

final negatives - Negatives that are right reading, emulsion down.

fine merchant, fine paper distributor - Firm which confines its sales and distribution activities to fine printing papers only.

fine papers - Types of papers used for writing, printing, and cultural purposes.

finished art - Hand lettering, charts, color blocks, illustrations, photographs, etc., ready for camera.

finishing broke - Discarded paper resulting from any finishing operation.

first color down - The first color printed as the sheet passes through the press.

flag - A strip of paper protruding from a roll or skid of paper. May be used to mark a splice in a roll of paper or used to mark off reams in a skid.

flash exposure - In halftone photography, the supplementary exposure given to strengthen the dots in the shadow areas of negatives.

flat color - Printing two or more colors without overlaying color dots (i.e. without color trap); individual color matching. This differs from process color, which is a blending of four colors to produce a broad range of colors.

flat etching - The chemical reduction of the silver deposit in a continuous-tone or halftone plate, brought about by placing it in a tray containing an etching solution.

flat – In offset lithography, the assembled composite of negatives, usually on goldenrod paper, ready for platemaking. Also, a photograph or halftone that is lacking contrast.

flatbed press - A press on which plates are positioned along a flat metal bed against which the paper is pressed by the impression cylinder, as compared to a rotary press which prints from curved plates.

flatbed scanner - A device that scans images in a manner similar to a photocopy machine; the original art is positioned face down on a glass plate.

flexography - Letterpress printing using a form of relief printing ; formally called aniline printing. Synthetic or rubber relief plates, special inks, presses procedures.

flop - To reverse a negative or positive, to bring the underside out on top. A negative that must be flopped has emulsion on the wrong side.

flow - The property of ink which causes it to level out when still a liquid; "short" inks have poor flow, and "long" inks have good flow.

fluorescent inks - Extremely brilliant inks containing fluorescent pigments.

flush cover - Cover of a book that has been trimmed to the same dimensions as the text papers.

flyleaf - Unprinted page that is part of a printed signature. It also can be a synonym for end-leaf.

fog - An undesirable neutral density in the clear areas of a photographic film or paper, in which the image is either locally or entirely veiled by a deposit of silver. Fog may be due to flare, unsafe darkroom illumination, age, or processing conditions.

foil - A tissue-like material in sheet or roll form covered on one side with a metallic coloring used for stamping.

folding endurance - A paper test which measures the number of double (back and forth) folds that can be made on a sheet of paper under tension, before it breaks.

foldout - A page that exceeds the dimensions of a single page. It is folded to page size and included in the book, sometimes bound in and sometimes tipped in (pasted).

folio -Refers to sheet size 17x22 or larger. Also, page numbers.

foot - The bottom of a page of printed information.

formation - Refers to the uniformity or lack of it in the distribution of the fibers when manufacturing paper; can be observed by looking through the sheet; a good formation is uniform or "Close", while a poor formation is not.

fountain solution - In lithography, a solution of water, a natural or synthetic gum and other chemicals used to dampen the plate and keep non-printing areas from accepting ink.

fountain - The unit on a press that contains ink to be fed to the distributing system, and the part that feeds the fountain solution to the dampening system.

four-color process - The four basic colors of ink (yellow, magenta, cyan, and black), which reproduce full-color photographs or art.

fourdrinier - A paper machine developed by Louis Robert and financed by Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier that produces a continuous web of paper; also the term for the section of the paper machine which is a continuous "wire" or belt screen, through which the first removal of water occurs. The point of formation.

four-sided trim (trim 4) - After the job is printed and folded, a trim will be taken off all four sides to remove any reference or registration marks and give a clean edge to the pile of sheets.

for position only (FPO) - In digital imaging, typically a low-resolution image positioned in a document to be replaced later with a higher resolution version of the same image.

free-sheet - Paper that contains no groundwood. It also is used to describe paper that separates easily from the water in the slurry.

french fold - A sheet printed on one side and folded first vertically and then horizontally to produce a four-page folder.

furnish - The mixture of fiber and other materials that is blended in the water suspension, or slurry, from which paper or board is made; usually about 1% solid material with 99% or the balance being water.

fuzz (fluff) - Loose fibers projecting from a paper's surface.

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gang printing - Grouping related jobs using same paper and inks. Grouping more than one job on a single plate.

gatefold - A four-page insert, having foldouts on either side of the center spread.

GATF - Graphic Arts Technical Foundation

gathering - Collating folded signatures in consecutive order.

GCR - Gray Component Replacement

gear streaks - In printing, parallel streaks appearing across the printed sheet at same interval as gear teeth on the cylinder.

generation - Each succeeding stage in reproduction from original copy.

genuine watermark - Watermark made with a dandy roll.

ghost halftone - A light halftone that may be overprinted with solid copy.

ghosting - Ghost images are unwanted images that reduce print value. Mechanical ghosting develops during the delivery of the printed sheet and is traceable to on-press conditions, ink starvation, form layout, and even to the blanket itself. Chemical ghosting, which occurs during the drying process of ink on paper, is especially bothersome because the condition cannot be detected until the job has been completed.

gild - To cover the trimmed edges of a book with gold or other metallic leaf.

glass - Brief or magnifying glass.

gloss ink - An ink containing an extra quantity of varnish, which gives a glossy appearance when dry.

glued-on cover - A cover fastened to the text with glue.

gluing off - The process of applying glue to the spine of a book to be casebound, after sewing and smashing, and before trimming.

grade - The classification given to paper due to its unique characteristics, which includes brightness, opacity, cotton content, etc…

grain direction - The direction of the fibers in paper.

grain long - Term used to designate that the grain of the paper is parallel to the longest measurement of a sheet of paper. The fibers are aligned parallel to the length of the sheet.

grain short - Opposite of grain long. Grain of the paper runs at the right angles to the longest dimension of the sheet. Fiber alignment in grain short paper parallels the sheet’s shortest dimension.

grainy printing - Printing characterized by unevenness, particularly of halftones.

grammage - The basis weight of paper stated in metric terms of grams per square meter and expressed as g/m2. Thus a sheet of paper 17 x 22 with a basis weight of 20 lbs. For 500 sheets would be expressed metrically as 75 g/m2. To convert from basis weight to grams per square meter (g/m2), multiply basis weight by 1406.5 (a constant factor) and divide by the number of square inches in base sheet.

graphic designer - A person in the graphic arts who puts together art, text, and other visuals to produce professional printed results.

gravure - An intaglio printing process in which the image area is etched below the surface of the printing plate and is transferred directly to the paper by means of pressure.

gray balance - The dot values or densities of cyan, magenta, and yellow that produce a neutral gray.

gray level - The number of gray values that can be distinguished by a color separation filter-usually 28 or 256.

gray scale - A strip of standard gray tones, ranging from white to black, placed at the side of original copy during photography to measure tonal range and contrast (gamma) obtained.

gripper - A row of clips that holds a sheet of paper as it speeds through the press.

gripper edge - Leading edge of a sheet of paper as it passes through the printing press.

gripper margin - Unprintable back edge of a sheet of paper on which grippers bear, usually ½ inch or less.

grippers - In sheetfed printing presses, metal fingers that clamp on paper and control its flow as it passes through.

gross weight - The total weight of merchandise and shipping container.

guide edge - The edge of a printed sheet at right angles to the gripper edge, which travels along a guide on the press or folder. This edge, like the gripper edge, should never be altered or mutilated between the printing and folding operations. It is the shorter edge of the sheet.

guide marks - A method of using crossline marks on the offset press plate to indicate trim, centering of the sheet, centering of the plate, etc.; these are sometimes called register marks.

guide roller - Sometimes called a cocking roller. Located on the roll stand between the roll of paper and the dancer roll. Can be cocked to compensate for certain paper roll conditions.

guide side - The side the press uses to guide the sheet to the exact side toward the operator; also known as operator or control Side.

guillotine - Device that is used to cut or trim stacks of paper to the desired size, similar to the

gum streaks - Streaks, particularly in halftones, produced by uneven gumming of plates which partially desensitizes the image.

gumming - In platemaking, the process of applying a thin coating of gum to the non-printing areas of a lithographic plate.

gutter - The blank space or inner margin on a press sheet from printing area to binding.

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hairline register - Register within ±½ row of dots.

halation - In photography, a blurred effect, resembling a halo, usually occurring in the highlight areas or around bright objects.

half binding - A style of binding wherein the shelf-back and the corners are bound in a different material from that used on the sides.

halftone negative artwork (screened negative) - The negative film produced when continuous-tone artwork is shot through a halftone screen.

halftone positive artwork (screened positive) - A photographic positive containing a halftone image.

halftone screen - An engraved glass through which continuous tone copy is photographed and reduced to a series of dots for halftone printing.

halftone - Reproduction of continuous tone artwork with the image formed dots of various sizes.

handmade finish - Paper with a rough finish resembling handmade paper.

hard (dot) - a halftone dot characterized by a sharp, clean cut edge.

hardbound - Another term for casebound.

hardcover (casebound, edition binding) - Nonflexible book binding made of thick, glazed board.

hard-sized - Paper that has been treated with a large amount of size to increase its resistance to moisture. Slack-sized is the opposite.

hard-wood - Wood from deciduous trees having short fibers.

head trim - The amount allowed for the top trim.

headband - A small strip of silk or cotton used for decoration at the top of a book between the sheets and the cover. In hand binding, a real tape to which the signatures are sewn.

headbox - On a paper machine, the box that dispenses the appropriate amount of furnish (pulp) into the papermaking process.

head - The top of a page of text which can be a chapter heading, title line, etc…

head-to-head imposition - An imposition which requires that pages be laid out with the top of a page (head) positioned across the top of the page (head) opposite it on the form.

head-to-tail imposition - An imposition which requires that pages be laid out with the top of a page (head) positioned across the from the bottom (tail) of the page opposite on the form.

heat-set inks - Inks used in high-speed web offset. They set rapidly under heat and are quickly chilled.

hickeys - In offset, spots or imperfections in the printed image traceable to such things as dirt on the press, dried ink skin, paper particles, dust, etc…

high bulk - A paper (normally book paper) specifically manufactured to retain a thickness not found in papers of the same basis weight. Frequently used to give thickness to a book with minimal amount of pages.

high contrast - In photography, describes a reproduction in which the difference in darkness between neighboring areas is greater than in the original.

high finish - A term referring to a paper that has a smooth, hard finish applied through calendering or other processes.

high key picture - A continuous tone photo made up of predominantly highlight (white) areas.

highlight halftone - The lightest or whitest parts in a photograph represented in a halftone reproduction by the smallest dots or the absence of all dots.

high-speed printer - Computer which prints in excess of 300 lines per minute.

hinges - The flexible joint where the covers of a hardbound book meet the spine, permitting the covers to open without breaking the spine of the book or breaking the signatures apart.

hit - An impression from a stamping die.

holdout - A term referring to papers that retain much of the resinous ink components on the surface of the sheet rather than absorbing them into a fiber network. Papers with too much holdout cause problems with setoff.

hue - In color, the main attribute of a color which distinguishes it from other colors. See Chroma.

humidity - Moisture condition of the air. Relative humidity is the percent of moisture relative to the actual amount which air at any given temperature can retain without precipitation.

hydra pulper - Vat with a special type of agitator used to hydrate and prepare pulp for papermaking.

hydration - A papermaking process that involves beating the pulp so as to increase its ability to hold water and produce a paper with the proper moisture content.

hydrophilic - Describes paper with an affinity for water.

hydrophobic - Describes paper that tends to be water repellent.

hygroscopic - Describes paper that readily absorbs moisture.

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imitation parchment - Paper made with irregular distribution of fibers.

imposetter - In digital imaging, an imagesetter capable of outputting a film flat with 4, 8 or more pages in imposed position.

impression cylinder - In printing, the cylinder on a printing press against which the paper picks up the impression from the inked plate in direct printing, or the blanket in offset printing.

impression - Pressure of type of blanket as it comes in contact with paper.

imprint - To print other information on a previously printed piece by running it through a press again.

imprinter - An auxiliary printing unit, usually employing rubber letterpress plates; imprints copy on top side of web and permits imprint copy to be changed while press is running at full speed.

indicias - Mailing permit imprints that are preprinted on envelopes, mailing cartons, etc.

ink absorption - Extent of ink penetration into paper.

ink absorption - The degree with which paper will absorb ink.

ink dot scum - On aluminum plates, a type of oxidation scum characterized by scattered pits that print sharp, dense dots.

ink drum - A metal drum, either solid or cored; a part of an inking mechanism; used to break down the ink and transfer it to the form rollers.

ink fountain - In printing presses, the device which stores and supplies ink to the inking rollers.

ink holdout - An important printing paper quality - the ability to keep ink on top of the paper's surface. An inked image printed on paper with a high degree of ink holdout will dry by oxidation rather than absorption.

ink jet printing - In digital printing, a plateless printing system that produces images directly on paper from digital data using streams of very fine drops of dyes which are controlled by digital signals to produce images on paper.

ink receptive - Having the property of being wet by greasy ink, in preference to water.

ink resistance - Resistance to the penetration of the ink vehicle; also called ink hold-out.

inking mechanism - On a printing press, the ink fountain and all the parts used to meter, transfer, break down, distribute, cool or heat, and supply the ink to the printing members. Also called inking system.

in-line - Denotes a production line of machinery, as required for the more or less complete manufacturing of a given product.

insert - A printed piece prepared for insertion into a publication or another printed piece.

intaglio - Type or design etched into a metal plate as opposed to raised letters as in letterpress.

intensity - The extreme strength, degree or amount of ink.

interleaves (slip sheets) - Paper inserted between sheets as they come off the printing press to prevent transfer of wet ink from one to the other. Also, accessory sheets between parts in a form.

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jog - To align sheets of paper into a compact pile.

joint - The flexible hinge where the cover of a casebound book meets the spine, permitting the cover to open without breaking the spine of the book or breaking apart the signatures; also called a hinge.

Jordan - Proper name for the beater on the paper machine. In the Jordan, the pulp is pulverized, causing the pulp and water to mix in a uniform manner.

junior carton - A package of reamed sealed, cut size paper packed 8 to 10 reams per carton.

justify - Fitting a line of type to both margins.

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kerning - A method in composition of changing the spacing between type; brings the type closer together.

key plate - In color printing, the plate used as a guide for the register of other colors. It normally contains the most detail.

keyline - In artwork, an outline drawing of finished art to indicate the exact shape, position and size for such elements as halftones, line sketches, etc…

kiss impression - Printing performed with only slight pressure. The normal procedure for quality printing.

kiss pressure - The minimum pressure at which proper ink transfer is possible.

kiss-cut - Partial cut through.

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label paper - Paper coated on one side, used for labeling applications.

laid dandy roll - A dandy roll made for the purpose of imparting a laid finish to paper. It is composed of wires running parallel to the roll’s axis and attached to the frame by evenly spaced chain wires that encircle the circumference of the roll. The laid wires are affixed on top of the transverse chain wires, rather than being wove over and under them.

laid lines - Lines seen in a laid sheet which are the result of the design on the dandy roll.

laid paper - The closely "lined" appearance in the finish of writing and printing papers created during manufacture by a dandy roll.

laid wires - Parallel wires in a dandy roll that produce the laid watermark and run in the cross grain direction.

laid writing - Paper used for writing and correspondence purposes that has a laid mark.

laid - Term describes the finish imparted by a dandy roll which features wires parallel to its axis that impress the paper during manufacture to produce a permanent watermark. The wires which produce the laid effect are situated parallel on the dandy roll and are not interwoven with the traverse chain wires which encircle the dandy roll’s circumference, meaning the cross direction. CLASSIC®Laid Papers.

laminated - Paper that is developed by fusing one or more layers of paper together to the desired thickness and quality. Often other substances like thin sheets of metal, plastic, etc…are fused to paper.

lap - The slightly extended areas of printing surfaces in color plates, which make for easier registration of color.

lap register - A register achieved by overlaying a narrow strip of the second color over the first color, at the points of joining.

last color down - The last color printed.

layout - The drawing or sketch of a proposed printed piece. In platemaking, a sheet indicating the settings for a step-and-repeat machine.

layout sheet - The imposition form; it indicates the sequence and positioning of negatives on the flat, which corresponds to printed pages on the press sheet. Once the sheet is folded, pages will be in consecutive order.

leaders - In composition, rows of dashes or dots to guide the eye across the page. Used in tabular work, programs, tables of contents, etc…

length -The ability of an ink to flow.

letterpress printing - Also known as relief typographic printing, letterpress printing employs the use of type or designs cast or engraved in relief (raised) on a variety of surfaces which can include metal, rubber, and wood. Opposite of intaglio printing, in letterpress printing the ink is applied to the raised printing surface. Non-printing areas or spaces are recessed. Impressions are made in various ways. On a platen press the impressions are made by pressure against a flat area of type or plate. Flat-bed cylinder press printing uses the pressure of a cylinder rolling across a flat area of type or plate to create the impression. A rotary web press uses a plate that has been stereotyped (molded into a curved form) which presses against another cylinder carrying the paper.

levelness - The evenness of a paper determined by the fiber distribution.

library binding - A book bound in accordance with the standards of the American Library Association, having strong endpapers, muslin-reinforced end signatures, sewing with four-cord thread, cotton flannel backlining, and covers of Caxton buckram cloth, with round corners.

lift - Maximum number of sheets handled by operator of guillotine cutting machine or by paper handler loading paper for printing.

lightfastness - The degree to which a paper or printed piece will resist a change in color when exposed to light.

likesidedness - Noticeably similar side-to-side color and finish of a sheet of paper.

line copy - Any copy suitable for reproduction without using a halftone screen.

line drawing - A drawing containing no grays or middle tones. In general, any drawing that can be reproduced without the use of halftone techniques.

line negative - A negative made from line copy.

linear paper - A watermarked sheet with lines to guide the user.

linen finish paper - A paper embossed to have a surface resembling linen cloth. CLASSIC®Linen Papers.

lining - The material which is pasted down on the backbone (spine) of a book to be casebound, after it has been sewn, glued off, and then rounded. It reinforces the glue and helps hold signatures together.

lint - Small fuzzy particles in paper.

lip - The allowance for overlap of one-half of the open side edge of a folded section, needed for sewn and saddlestitch binding, for feeding the sections; also called lap.

lithographic image - An ink-receptive image on the lithographic press plate; the design or drawing on stone or a metal plate.

lithographic papers - See offset papers

lithography - A generic term for any printing process in which the image area and the nonimage area exist on the same plane (plate) and are separated by chemical repulsion.

localized watermark - Achieved by arranging the design on the dandy roll to leave a watermark at a predetermined place on the sheet.

logo - A mark or symbol created for an individual, company, or product that translates the impression of the body it is representing into a graphic image.

long grain - Paper made with the machine direction in the longest sheet dimension.

long ink - An ink that has good flow on ink rollers of a press. If the ink is too long, it breaks up into filaments on the press, and causes flying as on a newspaper press.

longevity - Degree of permanence.

longfold - To fold a sheet lengthwise in the direction of the grain.

loose back - A popular style of binding, in which the spine binding material is not glued to the binding edge of the sheets.

loose register - Color that fits "loosely"; positioning (register) is not critical.

low bulk - Refers to papers somewhat thinner than the usual papers of the same weight, having a smooth surface, and which is a "thin" sheet.

low-key picture - A continuous tone photo made up of predominantly shadow areas of the same tone.

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M - Symbol in the paper industry designating 1,000. Usually used to designate 1,000 sheets or two reams of fine paper.

machine direction - Establishes the grain direction, which is always parallel with the travel of the paper over the wire.

machine dried - Process of drying paper on the paper machine as opposed to air drying the paper after removal from the machine.

machine finish - Finish that is obtained while the paper is on the paper machine. Expressed as M.F. Different finishes are obtained by the number of times paper is passed through the rollers, either dry or wet.

magenta - Hue of a subtractive primary and a 4-color process ink. It reflects or transmits blue and red light and absorbs green light.

magenta screen - A dyed contact screen, used for making halftones.

makeready - In printing presses, all work done prior to running; adjusting the feeder, grippers, side guide, putting ink in the fountain, etc. Also, in letterpress, the building up of the press form, so that the heavy and light areas print with the correct impression.

making order - A quantity of paper manufactured to custom specifications such as special weights, colors, or sizes usually not available as standard stocking items. Paper mills offering this service establish minimum order requirements.

margins - The unprinted area around the edges of a page. The margins as designated in book specifications refer to the remaining margins after the book has been trimmed.

mask - In color separation photography, an intermediate photographic negative or positive used in color correction. In offset lithography, opaque material used to protect open or selected areas of a printing plate during exposure.

mechanical (paste-up) - Camera-ready assembly of all type and design elements together with instructions and ready for the plate-maker.

mechanical pulp - In papermaking, groundwood pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips. It is used mainly for newsprint and as an ingredient of base stock for a lower grade publication papers.

metallic inks - Ink containing metal substances, used to produce special printed output.

middle tones - The tonal range between highlights and shadows of a photograph or reproduction.

mill brand - Paper which is brand-named by the manufacturer as opposed to the merchant house, which is known as a "private brand".

moiré- Geometric pattern caused when two screened images are superimposed at certain angles. Occurs when making a halftone from a halftone image.

moisture content - Refers to the amount of moisture found in a sheet of paper. Average amount ranges from 5 to 8%. This figure varies from sheet to sheet since paper will emit or absorb moisture according to the condition of the surrounding atmosphere. Moisture loss is realized in the form of shrinkage, which begins at the edges of the paper and moves across the grain causing the sheet to tighten and curl.

monotone - Printed in one color only.

montage - In Artwork, several photographs combined to form a composite illustration.

mottled finish - Finish, which exhibits high and low spots, or glossy and dull areas on the printed sheet.

mullen tester - Device that measures the bursting strength of paper. Sometimes referred to as the pop test or pop tester.